叶片多角度偏振光谱特性影响因素的实验研究

通过测量绿萝、银杏、苹果三种叶片的多角度偏振光谱,采用斯托克斯矢量法计算了叶片的多角度光谱偏振度,并通过PROSPECT模型反演得到叶片的叶绿素、水分含量,进而分析了叶绿素、水分含量对叶片多角度光谱偏振度的影响,探索了观测几何条件与不同波段叶片偏振度间的关系。结果表明,相对于近红外波段,红光波段的偏振度受叶绿素含量变化的影响较小,而水分含量对这两个波段的偏振度基本均无明显影响。在反映叶片偏振度随观测几何变化方面,近红外波段较另外两个波段有着更好的敏感性和稳定性,但其偏振度值较另外两个波段偏小。     

基于优化面积光谱指数的玉米叶片叶绿素值估测

综合使用光谱技术对作物养分进行实时、有效诊断,有助于作物的精准管理、保障产量和减少环境污染,提高肥料利用率,并且为定量估测作物生化组分状况提供了一种新的途径。光谱指数是进行作物叶片叶绿素实时估测的重要指标,然而由于受到环境条件及内在生化成分的影响,估测结果不尽满意。为了进一步提高光谱指数在估测作物叶片叶绿素含量时的抗干扰能力和敏感性,于2020年在内蒙古玉米种植典型区域进行不同氮梯度的田间试验,在玉米的四个关键生育时期获取叶片的光谱反射率和叶绿素值,通过建立基于面积的光谱指数和叶片叶绿素值的关系模型并进行光谱指数的优化及评价。结果表明,生育时期对面积光谱指数与叶片叶绿素值的关系有显著影响。前人研究的基于面积的光谱指数在玉米苗期时对于叶片叶绿素含量的估测效果较差,而对抽雄期叶片叶绿素含量的估测效果最佳。基于优化算法构建的面积光谱指数显著提高了光谱指数对叶片叶绿素含量估测的准确度和稳定性,基于优化算法的优化三角形植被指数(OTVI)、优化叶绿素吸收积分指数(OCAI)和优化双峰面积归一化差值指数(ONDDA)在不同生育时期上比前人研究的面积光谱指数具有更强的叶绿素含量估测能力,估测模型的决定系数R2在0.94～0.99之间。与优化三角形植被指数(OTVI)和优化叶绿素吸收积分指数(OCAI)相比优化双峰面积归一化差值指数(ONDDA)在估测春玉米不同生育时期叶片叶绿素含量方面更为稳定,预测模型验证结果的决定系数R2为0.94,并且验证误差最小,RMSE和NRMSE%分别为2.29%,3.94%,模型估测值与实测值的验证斜率为0.996,接近1。综上所述,ONDDA是一个实用且适合于估测不同生育时期叶片叶绿素含量的面积光谱指数。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of functional compound from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf using response surface methodology and effect of microencapsulation by spray drying on quality of optimized extract

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) condition of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) using response surface methodology and to microencapsulate MLE by spray drying using different coating materials and ratios of coating material and MLE. The extraction results showed that MLE from condition of 60 °C (X₁, temperature), 30 min (X₂, time) and 60% v/v (X₃, ethanol concentration) exhibited the highest bioactive compound and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assay). Based on this optimal condition, MLE was further encapsulated by spray drying. It was found that MLE encapsulated with resistant maltodextrin at ratio of MLE and resistant maltodextrin 1:1 (w/w) showed the highest encapsulation yield (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%). Water solubility, moisture content and water activity were non-significant (p > 0.05) among the microcapsules. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the types of coating material affected their microstructures and microcapsules prepared by resistant maltodextrin as coating material had a spherical shape, smooth surface and less shrinkage than microcapsules prepared by maltodextrin and gum arabic which had rough surfaces. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from microcapsule prepared by gum arabic at ratio of MLE and gam arabic 1:2 (w/w). In conclusion, optimal condition from UAE and encapsulation by spray drying suggest the critical potential for production of functional food with improved bioactive compound stability and maximized antioxidant activity.     

Processing tactics for low-cost production of pure nuciferine from lotus leaf

Nuciferine is an important drug candidate for the treatment of many diseases. However, there is no general method for its low - cost production. In this work, a feasible method for the production of nuciferine from lotus leaf, using ultrasonic-assisted extraction-solid phase extraction (UAE-SPE) as extraction and cleanup procedure, was developed. Petroleum ether and silica gel have been successfully used as extraction solvent and adsorbent to integrate UAE with SPE, respectively. Except for filtration, no treatment (e.g. concentration and redissolution, etc) was needed on UAE extract before SPE and the effluents obtained in the loading process of SPE could be used as UAE extraction solvent without purification. No obvious decline in the extraction efficiency of UAE and adsorption capacity of SPE was observed at least for 5 runs, which provides a feasible way for the continuous production of nuciferine in industry, i.e. Cyclic UAE-SPE. Moreover, SPE column could be conveniently regenerated and reused without significant decline in its adsorption capacity at least for 5 cycles, which can be used to reduce the cost of the whole system further. In comparison with other cleanup procedures, Cyclic UAE-SPE showed apparent advantages in energy conservation and emission reduction. LLE and crystallization were applied to separate nuciferine from other impurities further. Under optimum conditions, the total recovery rate of nuciferine with a purity over 90.0% from lotus leaf reached 50.1%. All in all, the developed method has advantages in convenient operation, low cost, and high efficiency, thus, is fitting for the production of high purity nuciferine.     

Ultrasound-alkaline combined extraction improves the release of bound polyphenols from pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus 'Foo-Lon') peel: Composition,antioxidant activities and enzyme inhibitory activity

In this study, ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis was used to extract polyphenols from pitahaya peel. The effects of sonication time, ultrasonic density, NaOH concentration and the liquid–material ratio on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of the extracts were studied. The composition and content difference of the extracts were analyzed and the inhibitory effect of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was measured. The results of single-factor analysis showed that when the sonication time was 45 min, the ultrasonic density was 32 W/L, the NaOH solution concentration was 6 M and the liquid–material ratio was 30 mL/g, the release of phenolic compounds was the largest and the antioxidant activity was the strongest. An UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method was used to analyze the components and contents of the extracts. We found that there was a great difference in the component content of the free polyphenol extract and the bound polyphenol extract. From the results, we concluded that there was a strong correlation between the type and content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities, indicating that phenolic compounds were the main compounds of these biological activities. Moreover, the bound polyphenol extracts showed a significant inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase was stronger than that of the free polyphenol extracts. In addition, scanning electron microscopy showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction is crucial to the destruction of the cell wall and the release of bound polyphenols. Therefore, the pitahaya peel has the potential for therapeutic, nutritional, and functional food applications, and ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis is an effective means to release phenolic compounds.     

Surface-enhanced fluorescence and application study based on Ag-wheat leaves

Wheat leaves with natural microstructures as substrates were covered by the silver nanoislands by magnetron to prepare a low-cost, environment-friendly and mass production surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) substrate (Ag-WL substrate). The best SEF substrate was selected by repeatly certifying the fluorescence intensity of 10^-5 M Rhodamine B (RB) and 10^-5 M Rhodamine 6G (R6G) aqueous solutions. The abundant semi-spherical protrusions and flake-like structures on the surface of the Ag-WL substrate produce high-density hot spots, which provides a new and simple idea for the preparation of biomimetic materials. The results of 3D finite-different time-domain (FDTD) simulation show that the nanoisland gap of semi-spherical protrusions and flake-like structures has produced rich hotspots. By adjusting the time of magnetron sputtering, the enhancement factor (EF) was as high as 839 times, relative standard deviation (RSD) reached as low as 10.7%, and the substrate was very stable and repeatable, which shows that Ag-WL substrate is trustworthy. Moreover, semi-spherical protrusions provide stronger surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects compared to flake-like structure. What is more surprising is that the detection limit of the substrate for toxic substance crystal violet (CV) is as low as 10^-10 M.     

Photon interaction studies using 241Am γ-rays

We have carried out some photon interaction measurements using 59.54 keV γ-rays from a ²⁴¹Am source. These include γ attenuation studies as well as photoelectric absorption studies in various samples. The attenuation studies have been made using leaf and wood samples, samples like sand, sugar etc., which contain particles of varying sizes as well as pellets and aqueous solutions of rare earth compounds. In the case of the leaf and wood samples, we have used the γ-ray attenuation technique for the determination of the water content in fresh and dried samples. The variation of the attenuation coefficient with particle size has been investigated for sand and sugar samples. The attenuation studies as well as the photoelectric studies in the case of rare earth elements have been carried out on samples containing such elements whose K-absorption edge energies lie below and close to the γ-energy used. Suitable compounds of the rare earth elements have been chosen as mixture absorbers in these investigations. A narrow beam good geometry set-up was used for the attenuation measurements. A well-shielded scattering geometry was used for the photoelectric measurements. The mixture rule was invoked to extract the values of the mass attenuation coefficients for the elements from those of the corresponding compounds. The results are consistent with theoretical values derived from the XCOM package.     

Some New Results for McKean’s Graphs with Applications to Kac’s Equation

The main goal of the present paper is to sharpen some results about the error made when the Wild sums, used to represent the solution of the Kac analog of Boltzmann’s equation, are truncated at the n-th stage. More precisely, in Carlen, Carvalho and Gabetta (J. Funct. Anal. 220: 362–387 (2005)), one finds a bound for the above-mentioned error which depends on (an ^Λ+ε). On the one hand, it is shown that Λ, the least negative eigenvalue of the linearized collision operator, is the best possible exponent. On the other hand, ε is an extra strictly positive number and a a positive coefficient which depends on ε too. Thus, it is interesting to check whether ε can be removed from the above bound. According to the aforesaid reference, this problem is studied here by means of the probability distribution of the depth of a leaf in a McKean random tree. In fact, an accurate study of the probability generating function of such a depth leads to conclude that the above bound can be replaced with (a′ n ^Λ).     

Thick Surfaces in Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds

We show that every closed, virtually fibered hyperbolic 3-manifold contains immersed, quasi-Fuchsian.